Laura's English Blog
Wednesday 23 April 2014
Grammar Revision
Grammar Revision.
Colon - The colon has two main uses. Firstly it is used to
introduce an idea that is an explanation or continuation of the one that comes
before the colon. The colon can be considered as a gateway inviting the reader
to go on. ‘You are left with only one option: Press on until you have mastered
it.’
Semicolon - The semicolon can be used to sort out a complicated
list containing many items, many of which themselves contain commas.
The comma splice - The comma splice is one of
the most frequent mistakes made when using a comma. The comma splice occurs
when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses.
Whose and who’s - Who's" is the
contracted form of "who is" or "who has". "Whose"
is a possessive form meaning "of whom" or "belonging to
who" and is used in the following way. ‘Whom did you see?’ (Did you see
him?) ‘I cannot see who is in the classroom.’ (He is in the classroom.)
Its and It’s - The building was missing its doors and windows. It's been a long time since we
spoke," he whispered.
Like and as - Like is a preposition, which means that it can come before a noun but
it should not come before a whole clause containing a verb. As is a conjunction, and can be used
before a clause containing a verb.
Affect and effect - Affect - is a verb meaning to have an influence
on. Effect - is a noun meaning a cause of change brought about by an agent.
Dangling participle - In the sentence below, the modifying clause
(Rushing to catch the bus) contains a participle (rushing). The participle is
said to be dangling because the subject of the main clause (Bob's wallet) is
not the thing modified by the initial modifying clause. It was not Bob's wallet
that was rushing. ‘Rushing to catch the bus, Bob’s wallet fell out of his
pocket’
Pleonasm - Pleonasm occurs when unnecessary
or redundant words are used. They simply add bulk to a sentence without adding
any extra content.
Tuesday 22 April 2014
CLA Revision
CLA Revision.
Colloquial language - is a
variety of language
commonly employed in conversation or other communication in informal
situations.
Hyponym - is a word or phrase whose semantic
field is included within that of another word, its hypernym. In simpler terms, a hyponym
shares a type-of relationship
with its hypernym. For example, pigeon, crow, eagle and seagull are all
hyponyms of bird which, in turn, is a hyponym of animal.
Elliptical utterance
- is a phrase that, in itself, makes little sense. When the utterance is placed
within the context of a conversation, it takes on a clearer meaning.
Morpheme - In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language.
Deixis - refers to words
and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information.
In language structure, a
diminutive or diminutive form is a formation of a word used to convey a
slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named,
encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment.
Holophrastic - is relating to the stage of child language
development characterized by the use of single-word utterances.
The wug test - is an experiment in linguistics,
created by Jean Berko Gleason in 1958. It was designed as
a way to investigate the acquisition of the plural and
other inflectional morphemes in English-speaking
children.
Theories -
· Chomsky
LAD / virtuous errors / nativist
· Skinner
– behaviourism / positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement
· Piaget
– Cognitive development
· Vygotsky
– play and cognitive development
· Bruner
– social interactionist
Language change revision.
Language Change Revision.
Proprietary eponyms - are
trademarked brand names that gain wide use as terms for generic items. For
example, the trademarked brand name "Kleenex" is often used to refer
to all types of facial tissue, whether they are actually Kleenex or another
brand.
Amelioration - the downgrading or depreciation of a word's meaning, as when a word with a positive sense develops a negative one. Pejoration is much more common that the opposite process, called amelioration.
Hyperbole - is the use of exaggeration
as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It may be used to evoke strong
feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken
literally.
Archaic/Obsolete - archaic is used for words that were
once common but are now rare. Archaic
implies having the character or characteristics of a much earlier time. Obsolete indicates that a term is no
longer in active use, except, for example, in literary quotation. Obsolete may apply to a word regarded
as no longer acceptable or useful even though it is still in existence
Inflection - is the name for the extra letter or
letters added to nouns, verbs and adjectives in their different grammatical
forms.
Assonance - is the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.
It is used to reinforce the meanings of words or to set the mood.
Assimilation - is a common phonological
process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either
within a word or between words.
Dialect leveling - refers to the
assimilation, mixture and/or eradication of certain dialects, often due to language standardisation.
Convergence -
happens when an individual adjusts his speech patterns to match those of
people belonging to another group or social identity.
Divergence
- happens when an individual adjusts his speech patterns to be distinct
from those of people belonging to another group or social identity.
The Great Vowel Shift - was
a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took
place in England between 1350 and 1700.
CLA plan.
AO1 Select & apply a range
of linguistic methods, to communicate relevant knowledge using appropriate
terminology & coherent, accurate
written expression
|
Lexis and Semantics:
·
lexical fields
·
colloquial choices
·
contractions
·
use of determiners
·
use of pronouns
·
hypernyms and hyponyms
·
use of names
Grammar:
·
simple; compound complex; sentences
·
awareness of sentence functions
·
elliptical utterances
·
non-standard constructions / grammatical
omissions
·
formation of negatives;
·
use of determiners
·
formation of questions
·
use of morphemes
·
use of passive
·
use of present and past tense,
Phonology:
·
omission of certain sounds
·
consonant clusters etc
·
relationship between sound and meaning
Discourse:
·
turn-taking
·
questions
·
topic shifts
·
minimal responses
·
tag questions
Pragmatics:
·
Non-verbal communication and utterances
·
Use of humour
·
Deixis
·
References to books, tv etc
Language of the Caregiver:
·
Pronunciation
·
Pitch
·
Exaggeration
·
Simple lexis
·
Diminutives
·
Concrete nouns
·
Simple constructions
·
Imperatives
·
Questions
·
Names instead of pronouns
·
repetition
|
AO2 Demonstrate critical
understanding of a range of concepts and issues related to the construction
and analysis of meanings in spoken and written language, using knowledge of linguistic
approaches
|
Stages of development :
·
Preverbal stage
·
Holophrastic
·
Two word
·
Telegraphic
·
Post-telegraphic
Reaserchers:
·
Katherine Nelson – first 50 words
·
Jean Aitchison - lexical and semantic development
·
Roger Brown – two word phrases and meaning and
morphological development
·
Bellugi – developing use of negatives and use
of pronouns
·
Berko – ‘wugs’ experiment – morphological
development
Phonological development and
research:
·
Phonological
errors
·
Alan Cruttenden (1974)
·
Berko and Brown (1960s) ‘fis’ experiment
Pragmatics / Functions of
language:
·
Halliday
·
Dore
·
Turn-taking Research eg peek-a-boo
Politeness / Face theories
Power theories
Gender theories
Child Directed Speech Theories
and Research :
·
Features of CDS
·
Bruner – Language Acquisition Support System
CLA Theories:
·
Chomsky LAD / virtuous errors / nativist
·
Skinner – beviourism / positive reinforcement
/ negative reinforcement
·
Piaget – Cognitive development
·
Vygotsky – play and cognitive development
·
Bruner – social interactionist
Other References:
·
Genie
·
Deaf children
|
AO3 Analyse and evaluate the
influence of contextual factors on the production and
reception of spoken and
written language, showing knowledge of the key
constituents of language
|
·
Genre
·
Audience
·
Subject
·
Purpose
·
Who is the text producer/ receiver
·
What are the expectations of the text
receiver?
|
Language Change plan.
AO1 Select & apply a range
of linguistic methods, to communicate relevant knowledge using appropriate
terminology & coherent, accurate
written expression
|
Lexis
and Semantics :
·
borrowed/loan
words
·
compounds
·
blends
·
acronyms
·
eponyms/proprietary
words
·
conversion/grammatical
shift
·
pejoration/amelioration
·
broadened/narrowed
·
metaphor/hyperbole
·
semantic
shift
·
archaisms/obsolete
words
·
Americanisms
Grammar:
·
syntax/word
order
·
sentence
structure: use of subordination and coordination.
·
dummy
auxiliary ‘do’ used in negative and interrogative constructions
·
double
negatives
·
inflections
·
plurals
·
prepositions
·
pronouns –
personal (thou, thee, one)relative- who, which, whom
·
verb
tenses/irregular verbs/modal/auxilliary verbs
·
punctuation
Pragmatics:
·
implied
meanings/humour/shared knowledge/taboo language/formality/political correctness
Graphology :
·
look at
images/font and relate to context
Discourse
Structure:
·
written/spoken
language and the conventions of such texts.
Phonology
:
·
alliteration,
assonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, accent/dialect, Received Pronunciation,
assimilation, omission, Estuary English, dialect levelling, Black English
Orthography:
·
spelling
and problems with spelling
|
AO2 Demonstrate critical
understanding of a range of concepts and issues related to the construction
and analysis of meanings in spoken and written language, using knowledge of
linguistic approaches
|
Background theories of:
·
gender
·
power
·
technology
Standardisation and Codification of language:
·
Printing Press – William Caxton 1476
·
Dictionaries – Dr Johnson’s dictionary 1755
·
Robert Lowth’s ‘Introduction to English
Grammar’ 1762
Prescriptive/Descriptive attitudes:
·
John Humphreys - Prescriptive
·
David Crystal - Descriptive
·
Stephen Fry - Descriptive
·
Jean Aitchison: Language Web – Damp
Spoon/Crumbling Castle/Infectious Disease
·
Dennis Freeborn (phonology): incorectness
view/ugliness view/impreciseness view
·
Phonology :
·
Great Vowel Shift
·
convergence
·
divergence
·
Labov’s ‘Martha’s Vineyard Study’ Informalisation
Worldwide Englishes:
·
bidialectalism
Causes of language change:
·
history and Invasions
·
changing personal and social identity
·
influence of social groups
·
changing attitudes
·
social trends
·
new technologies
·
intellectual activities
|
AO3 Analyse and evaluate the
influence of contextual factors on the production and
reception of spoken and
written language, showing knowledge of the key
constituents of language
|
·
Genre
·
Audience
·
Subject
·
Purpose
·
Who is the text producer/ receiver
·
What are the expectations of the text
receiver?
|
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